Trade and the Development of Empire:

Ch1.

Trade and the Development of Empire:
The Persians 550-334 BC

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Cyrus the Great/Cyrus II

• 550 BC: Overthrew the King of Medes
• Expanded the empire to the Mediterranean

Cambyses II

• Expanded into Egypt
• Support of the priests

Darius I

• Expanded the empire to the East and West
• Law codes in Egypt and Babylonia
• Capital at Persepolis
• 499-479 BC: Greco-Persian Wars
  • Marathon

Persian Policies

• Government
  • Satrap
  • Courts
• Cosmopolitan
  • Conquered people
  • Languages
  • Architecture
• Roads and Trade
  • Herodotus: “neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor darkness of night prevents these couriers from completing their designated stages with utmost speed.”

Zoroaster and Persian Religion

• Zoroaster/Zarathustra
• State religion in Persia
• Characteristics
  • Monotheistic
  • Battle between good and evil
  • Ahura Mazda
• Influence of Zoroastrianism

Persian Society

• Social Hierarchy
  • Nobility
  • Priests
  • Merchants
  • Bankers
  • Peasants
  • Slaves
• Local government
• Patriarchal

Xerxes and the Decline of the Persian Empire

• 2nd Greco-Persian War
  • Thermopylae
• Impact on Persia

The World of the Greeks

Three Stages of Greek Civilization

• Hellenic Age
• Hellenistic Age
• Greco-Roman Age

Evolution of the Greek City-States 1100-550 BC

• Inhabitants of the Mediterranean
  • Minoans
  • Myceneans
  • Phoenecians
• Migrations from the North
• Towns
• Agriculture
  • Olives
• Greek writing system
• Trade and Colonization

Greek Colonization of the Mediterranean

• 770-550 BC
• Homeric Epics
  • Iliad and Odyssey
• Greek Empire?

Hellenic Age: Rise of the City-States

• 750-350 BC
• Polis
  • Acropolis
  • Agora
• Government
  • Monarchy
  • Oligarchy
  • Democracy
  • Tyranny
  • Citizen
• Military

Athens

• Symbol of democracy
  • 700s-508 BC: Road to democracy
    • Draco
    • Solon the Reformer
    • 508 BC: Cleisthenes and the Deme
  • Boule/council
  • Ecclesia/assembly

Sparta

• Expansion in the 8th Century BC
  • Serfdom/helots
• Military state
• Government
  • Equal rights for men
  • Two Kings
  • Executive power

War and the City-States

• Delian League
  • Persian Wars (490-479 BC)
  • Xerxes
    • Thermopylae
    • Salamis

Peloponnesian War
(431-404 BC)

• Athens vs. Sparta

Greek Society in the Hellenic Period

• Social Classes
  • Free men, resident foreigners, free women and slaves
• Women and the family
  • Nuclear family
  • Participation in society
  • Divorce and own property
  • Misogynist/Anti-woman
• Sexual freedom?
  • Homosexuality

History Writing

• Herodotus
• Thucydides

Socrates

• Universal values
• Reason
• Dialectics
• Socratic Method

Plato

• Pupil of Socrates
• Government
  • Just state
  • The Republic

Aristotle

• Synthesis of Greek Thought
• Critique of Plato
• Ethical thought
• Political thought

Ch2

The Romans from Republic to Empire

Italy before Roman Power

• North: Etruscan Cities
• South: Greek Cities

State Development in Rome

• Patricians overthrew the Etruscan King
  • Political and legal growth

Struggle of the Orders 500-287 BC

• Patricians vs. Plebians
• Government
  • Two Consuls
  • Centuriate Assembly
  • Senate
• Outcome
  • Plebian Assembly
  • Twelve Tables
  • Tribunes

Early Expansion

• 509-264 BC: 1st Stage
  • United Italy
• Military power
• Integration

Second Stage: Imperial Expansion

• 264-146 BC
• Punic Wars
  • Rome vs. Carthage
  • Hannibal
  • Scipio Africanus
• Macedonian Wars

Consequences of Expansion

• Hellenization
• Law and the legal system
• Slaves
  • 73 BC: Spartacus
• Wealth
• Roman Rules

Collapse of the Roman Republic

• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• Julius Caesar
• Octavian/Augustus
  • Princeps
• Pax Romana
  • 27 BC-170 AD

Five Good Emperors

• Nerva
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Antonius Pius
• Marcus Aurelius
  • Commodus

Rome’s Accomplishments

• Building projects
• Roman Roads

Roman Roads

Architecture

Colluseum

Aqueducts

Legal Philosophy

Universal laws

Civil Law

“law of the peoples”

Individual Responsibility

Innocent until proven guilty

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

• Problems
  • Political
  • Economic
  • End of expansion
  • Climate change
• Outside peoples
  • Celts
  • Germanic tribes
  • Attila the Hun
• Diocletian divides the empire
  • Constantine

The Fall of the Roman Empire and the Emergence of Christianity

Spread of Ideas: Christianity

Roman Religion during the Empire

• Polytheistic tradition
  • Zeus
  • Deified persons
• Mystery cults

Jesus and the Prophetic Movement

• Prophets in the Hebrew tradition
• Jesus
  • Essenes
  • Preacher, teacher and healer
  • Moral purity
  • Executed by Romans in the Reign of Tiberius

Expansion of Christianity

Missionary Activity  30-284 CE

• Patrick
  • Ireland
• Paul of Tarsus
  • 38-64 CE
  • Opened Christianity to non-Jews

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

• Problems
  • Political
  • Economic
  • End of expansion
  • Climate change
• Outside peoples
  • Celts
  • Germanic tribes
  • Attila the Hun
• Diocletian divides the empire
  • Tetrarchy

Byzantine Empire

• Constantine
  • 324 AD: moved the center of power to Constantinople
• Western vs. Eastern Roman Empire
• Heirs of Roman heritage

Constantine and Christianity

• Edict of Milan
• 380: Christianity became the religion of the empire
• Conflict over Church beliefs
• Constantine
  • Council of Nicaea, 325
  • Nicene Creed
• We believe in one God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.
  And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, Very God of Very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father by whom all things were made; who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the Virgin Mary, and was made man, and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate. He suffered and was buried, and the third day he rose again according to the Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father. And he shall come again with glory to judge both the quick and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end.
• And we believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Giver of Life, who proceedeth from the Father and the Son, who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who spoke by the prophets. And we believe one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins. And we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

Christian Monasticism

• 2 groups of followers
  • Ascetics
  • Missionaries
• General History
  • Pachomius in Egypt
  • Benedict of Nursia and the Benedictine Monks

Ch8

Buddhism and the State in East Asia: the Tang

Theravada vs. Mahayana Buddhism

Boddhisatva

Buddhism and the State in India

Kushan States

Kanishka

Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)

Chandragupta I

Chandragupta II

Fall of Han and Political Instability

(220-581)

Spread of Buddhism

• Buddhism and Chinese Society

Reunification under the Sui 581-617

577: Northern Zhou

581: Yang Jian

Sui Wendi

Legalist style

604-618: Sui Yangdi

Building projects

Grand Canal

Expansion

Korea

The Tang Dynasty (618-907)

Capital: Ch’ang-an (modern Xi’an)

Li Yuan (r. 618-626)

Emperor Gaozu

Li Shimin (r. 626-649)

Emperor Taizong

Xuan Wu Gate Incident

Emperor/Empress Wu

Wu Zhao/Wu Zetian

Taizong (r. 626-649)

Gaozong (r. 649-683)

Impact on the State

Buddhism

Cosmopolitan Age?

Chang’an Society

Culture

Religion

Buddhism

Emp. Wuzong

Islam

Nestorian Christiani

Emperor Xuanzong and the Fall of the Tang

1. 712-756

Yang Guifei

755: An Lushan’s rebellion

Buddhism and the State in East Asia: the Tang

Hinayana vs. Mahayana Buddhism

New Developments in Buddhism Boddhisatva

Monasteries

Buddhism and the State in S. Asia

Kushan Empire (50-206 CE)

–  Kanishka

• Gupta Empire (320-550 CE) – Chandragupta I

–  Chandragupta II

Fall of Han and Political Instability (220-581)

Spread of Buddhism

• Buddhism and Chinese Society

–  Fotudeng and Shi Le

–  Appealing to the Chinese

Fall of Han and Political Instability (220-581)

Reunification under the Sui 581-617

577: Northern Zhou

581: Yang Jian Sui Wendi

Legalist style

604-618: Sui Yangdi

Building projects Grand Canal

Expansion Korea

The Tang Dynasty (618-907)

Capital: Ch’ang-an (modern Xi’an)

Li Yuan (r. 618-626) Emperor Gaozu

Li Shimin (r. 626-649) Emperor Taizong

Xuan Wu Gate Incident

Accomplishments Expansion Tang Code

Equal Field System

Official Recruitment System

Xuanzang and Buddhism in the Tang Caves at Dunhuang

Cosmopolitan Age?

Chang’an Society Culture

Religion

Islam

Nestorian Christianity

Emperor Xuanzong and the Fall of the Tang

1. 712-756

Yang Guifei

755: An Lushan’s rebellion

Buddhism and woodblock printing

Buddhism in East Asia: Korea and Japan

The Han Dynasty and Koguryo

Three Kingdoms Period (200 – 668)

Koguryo (313-668)

Capital at Pyongyang

Paekche (late-3rd century – 660) Silla (350s – 668)

China, Buddhism and the State King Pophung

Silla anf the “Bone Ranks” Chinese Infuence?

Japanese Islands and Early History

4 Islands of Japan

Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido

Formation of the Japanese State

4th-5th centuries Yamato Clan

Suijin

Amaterasu and the Shinto Tradition

Chinese Influence in the Japanese State: The Asuka Period

592-628: Rise of the Soga clan

Empress Suiko Prince Shotoku

Consolidation of the Japanese State

Emperor Tenji

645: Coup by Nakatomi (Fujiwara) no Kamatari

Capitals at Naniwa and Nara

Cultural Development during the Heian Period (794-1185)

New Developments in Japanese writing

Kana

Murasaki Shikibu and the Tale of Genji

Buddhism and Shinto in the Nara and Heian Periods

Shinto and Japanese Society

Amaterasu Buddhism:

Pure Land

• Todaiji Temple, Nara Period

Ch. 9

Muhammad and the Early Muslim World

Muhammad and the Development of Islam

• MuhammadIbnAbdullah – (570-632 AD)

–  Khadija

• Merchantinthecaravan trade
• Mecca

–  Qur’an/Koran

–  Hadith

–  Islam, Muslim and Allah –  Message of reform

–  Unified community

–  Code of behavior

• 622:ForcedtoMedina

Hadith

A Bedouin came to the Prophet and said, “Tell me of such a deed as will make me enter Paradise, if I do it.” The Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, “Worship Allah, and worship none along with Him, offer the (five) prescribed compulsory prayers perfectly, pay the compulsory Zakat, and fast the month of Ramadan.” The Bedouin said, “By Him, in Whose Hands my life is, I will not do more than this.” When he (the Bedouin) left, the Prophet said, “Whoever likes to see a man of Paradise, then he may look at this man.”

Islamic Beliefs and Society

• FivepillarsofIslam

–  Profession of faith

–  Prayer

–  Social welfare

–  Fast during Ramadan

–  Conduct a pilgrimage, or haj,

to the holy city of Mecca. •  MoralCode

• Jihad
• Positionofwomen

Islamic Empire

• 632: Muhammad dies • Expansion East and

West

–  632-640: Persia

–  700-751: Afghanistan

and Central Asia

–  711-791: Expansion into

Spain and France

–  Southeast Asia

–  China

Reasons for Success

• Religious

–  Possessed a religious fervor

and loyalty

–  Jihad/holy war

• Economic

–  Strong desire to share in the

rich land of the fertile crescent

–  Important trading partners

• Weaknessofotherstates – Byzantine Empire

EARLY ISLAMIC STATES AND EMPIRES

Islamic Empire

• 632: Muhammad dies • Expansion East and

West

–  632-640: Persia

–  700-751: Afghanistan

and Central Asia

–  711-791: Expansion into

Spain and France

–  Southeast Asia

–  China

Political Developments after the Death of Muhammad

• Caliph

–  Caliphate

– Abu Bakr

– Umar ibn al-Khattab –  Ali

• Policies for non- Muslims

–  jizya

Political and Legal Developments in Islam

• SplitintheFaith – Shi’ite/Shia –  Sunni

–  Conflict over leadership after death of Ali

The Umayyad Caliphate 661-750

• Muawiya
• Damascus

–  Great Mosque

• Expansion

–  Language traditions

• Problems in the Government

The Abbasid Caliphate

• Capital at Baghdad – Cosmopolitan

–  Center of scholarship

• Elite Wealth and culture

–  Harun al-Rashid

Science and Learning

• Retained and expanded elements of the classical period

–  Al-Biruni

• Mathematical innovations

–  Al-Khwarizmi and Algebra

• Astronomy and Geography

–  Astrolabe

Abassid Government •  Central Government

• Administrative regions

–  Vizier

– Regional Governors •  Judicial system

–  qadis

Society in the Islamic State

• Royalty, Ulama and Courtiers
• Education and society
• Merchants
• Slaves

Nomadic Peoples and the Islamic World

• Seljuk Turks • Central Asia

–  Overran Iran and Baghdad

• Mongols

–  Genghis Khan –  Tamerlane

–  Impact

Ch.10

The Fall of the Roman Empire and Rebirth Under the Byzantines

Byzantine Empire

• Constantine

–  324 AD: moved the center of power to Constantinople

• Western vs. Eastern Roman Empire
• Heirs of Roman heritage
• The Church in the Empire

The Empire and the Barbarians

• CommonwealthofChristian states

–  Balkans

• Forcevs.Ceremony

–  Constantine VII

–  Laid down the rules for the court

• WealthoftheEmpire – Agriculture

–  Trade

• Problems

Justinian and Theodora

• Ruled 527-565 • Goal to recover

Roman territories

–  Vandals in N. Africa –  Ostrogoths in Italy

Justinian and the State

• Impact on the government

– Corpus of Civil Law

Problems in the Byzantine Empire

• Empresses Zoe and Theodora
• Problems between the Latin and Greek

Churches

–  Language

–  Nicene creed

–  Control of the church

• Nomadic Turks

–  Romanus IV Diogenes –  1071 Battle of Manzikert

Constantine and the Byzantine Empire

• Charles the Great

–  Carolingians

–  Carolingian Renaissance

• Crowned Emperor by the Pope
• Charlemagne and Frankish society

Byzantines and the Crusaders

• Crusaders

–  Viewed as impious and greedy

–  Threat to the emperor

–  12th century: failed to give land to the Byzantines

–  1204: captured and sacked Constantinople